Santa Monica College History 1 STILES, C

History 1 Exam 2 Guide

The Roman Senate (753 B.C-476 A.D)

They realistically met actual challenges and created institution, magistracies, and legal concepts to deal with practical jobs. The senate was the greatest institution of the republic. The senate advised the consuls and other magistrates. It also served as a reservoir of experience and knowledge. Technically, the senate couldn’t pass legislation. it could only offers advice. But, its advice came to have the force of law because of the senate’s prestige. In effect, senate ran the state with consuls.

Hannibal (247-183 B.C)

He was one of the greatest and misfortunate generals in history. He was a great politician and general of Carthage. During the second Punic war, he went Italy across the Alps and won victories at many battles. One of is significant battle was the Cannae battle. Even his great ability, Scipio defeated Hannibal at the battle of Zama. After ending of the second Punic war, he tried to revenge again, but it failed because Romans chased him. He killed himself in 183 B.C.

The Punic Wars (264-146BC)

It is the war between Romans and Carthaginians during 264 B.C.-133 B.C. This was called Punic war. The first war (264-241B.C) occurred because of Sicily, which was the important land for both Romans and Carthaginians to prosper. Roman built a navy and won the first war. The second war (218-201B.C) is called Hannibal war. Romans and Carthaginians fought again because of Saguntum in Spain. Hannibal struck first marching over the Alps into Italy with elephants. 204 B.C, Scipio struck directly to Carthage and 202 B.C, defeated Hannibal at Zama battle. The Punic war was not just war between Romans and Carthaginians. It was a world war at the time. It was a turning point for Rome to grow from city country to world Empire.

Julius Caesar (100-44BC)

He was a successful and well-educated military leader in Rome. He led successful conquest against Gaul and gained popularity. After the conquest, he came back to Rome and defeated Pompey. He became a dictator and he was also politically brilliant. He extended the citizenship to many of provinces that had supported him. He was assassinated in 44 BC. He was instrumental in transforming the Roman republic into the Roman Empire.

Paterfamilias (B.C. 234-149)

It meant far more than merely “father.” The paterfamilias was the oldest dominant male of family. The representative paterfamilias was Cato (B.C. 234-149) who cherished the old virtues and consistently imitated the old ways. He held absolute power over the lives of his wife and children as long as he lived, even he could kill wife for adultery and sell his children into slavery. Paterfamilias was extremely conservative. At his death, with and children inherited his property. Despite his immense power, the paterfamilias didn’t act alone. To deal with important family matters he usually called a council of the adult males. In this way the leading members of the family aired their views.

Pax Romana (1^st- 2^nd Century A.D)

Pax Romans is for the first and second centuries A.D. the lot of the Mediterranean world was the Roman peace. It is a period of security, order, harmony, flourishing culture, and expanding economy. It was a period that saw the wilds of Gaul, Spain, Germany, Eastern Europe, and western Africa introduced to Greco-Roman culture.

Augustus (63BC-14AD)

He was an heir of Caesar and the first emperor of the Roman Empire. After the death of Caesar, he put an end to the civil war. He rebuilt the constitution and the organ of government. He expanded the power of Rome with 40 new colonies. He established constitutional monarchy. As a bond between Rome and provinces, he encouraged the cults. He preferred the title of “First citizen.” He made Rome stable and peaceful.

Jesus of Nazareth (C. 3B.C-AD 29)

He was raised in Galilee, stronghold of the Zealots. There are many interpretation of Jesus such as a visionary and a teacher, magician, and a prophet, as a rebel and a revolutionary. The principal evidence for the life and deeds of Jesus is the four Gospels of New Testament records of his teaching and religious doctrine. He preached heavenly kingdom, one of the eternal happiness in a life after death. His major deviation from orthodoxy was his insistence that he taught in his own name, not in the name of Yahweh. The Roman officer Judaea killed him and his resurrection promised all Christians immortality.

Paul of Tarsus (5A.D-67A.D)

He was a Hellenized Jew, played a important role in the spread of Christianity. He was a single most important figure responsible for changing Christianity from a Jewish sect into a separate religion. Also, he was the first to voice a universal message of Christianity. One of his seminal ideas may have stemmed from the Stoic concept of the unity of mankind. He proclaimed that the mission of Christianity was “to make one of all the folk of men.” Also, he said there are no differences between Jew and Gentiles. A significant part of this thinking was the acceptance of women into faith.

The Four Gospels

The principal evidence for the life and deeds of Jesus is the four Gospels of New Testament records of his teaching and religious doctrine. The aim was to build a community of faith that believed that Jesus represented the cumulation of the Messianic tradition. His teaching was essentially to Jewish, but he taught his own name, not in the name of Yahweh. There are many interpretations about Gospels, but no one has figured out real history about Jesus. This was written some seventy-five years after Jesus’ death.

Justinian (6^th Century AD)

He was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He codified laws, which is called the Justinian code, which is the foundation of the law for nearly every European nation. He had long wars against Ostrogoths and temporarily regained the region of Italy. However, the consequence of the conquest was disastrous. The Byzantine Empire was exhausted by wars and the wars paved an easy way of conquest of Italy by the Germanic tribe.

The Justinian Code (C 533 B.C)

One of the most splendid achievements of the Byzantine emperors was the preservation of Roman law for the medieval and modern worlds. Sweeping and systematic codification took place under the emperor Justinian. It is regard as “body of civil law” which is the foundation of law for nearly every modern European nation.

Arianism (C 250-336)

Arianism is originated with Arius, a priest of Alexandria, denied that Christ was divine and co-eternal with God the Father – two propositions of orthodox Christian belief. Arius held that God the Father was by definition uncreated and unchangeable. Jesus, however, was born of Mary, grew in wisdom, and suffered punishment and death. Jesus was created by the will of the Father and thus was not co-eternal with the Father.

1. The Roman Republic began as a city-state but eventually came to rule the western Mediterranean. What impact did the Punic Wars have on Roman expansion?

According to the Roman tradition, the Romans expelled the Etruscan king in 509B.C. and founded the republic. They had a lot of wars with their neighborhood. In 390 B.C., they underwent suffer from the Celts. After that, the Romans always concerned about security and worried about the outside. They reorganized military and went to conquer the outside. The Roman finally had Latium and their allies under their control fully. And then, they extended to the southern Italy and even across the sea of Sicily. The Roman saw the Carthage expanding to Sicily as a threat, so they started the first Punic war against the Carthage (Punic war: 264-133 B.C) The Roman didn’t have navy, so they built navy and defeated the Carthage. The Roman took possession of Sicily, which became their first real province. Overlapping interest in Spain, the Roman and the Carthaginian had the second Punic war. The Carthage put the great general Hannibal. He won at many battles, but at the battle of Zama, Scipio defeated him. The Roman Empire became the dominant power in the western Mediterranean world. During the third Punic war, Romans destroyed Carthaginian state completely. That was one of the most brutal episodes in history. After that, the Romans turned to the east they conquered the Achaean league and Macedonia. In 133 B.C., the king of Pergamum surrendered, the long journey of Roman expansion ended. After conquest of Greek, the Romans learned about Greek culture and brought it into Rome. This shift of the culture combined Greek culture and Roman culture and caused Greco-Roman culture, which was the foundation of the European culture.